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AFTER CERTAINTY

Organization

United States Anti-Doping Agency

U.S. anti-doping authority whose Armstrong ban and reasoned decision strip winning of its moral cover.

Why this matters

Hard case for when competitive results are later ruled illegitimate.

Focus in observatory

Works

report

Lance Armstrong Receives Lifetime Ban and Disqualification of Competitive Results for Doping Violations Stemming from His Involvement in the United States Postal Service Pro-Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy

United States Anti-Doping Agency. "Lance Armstrong Receives Lifetime Ban and Disqualification of Competitive Results for Doping Violations Stemming from His Involvement in the United States Postal Service Pro-Cycling Team Doping Conspiracy." August 24, 2012, https://www.usada.org/sanction/lance-armstrong-receives-lifetime-ban-and-disqualification-of-competitive-results-for-doping-violations-stemming-from-his-involvement-in-the-united-states-postal-service-pro-cycling-team-doping-conspi/.

report

Reasoned Decision of the United States Anti-Doping Agency on Disqualification and Ineligibility

United States Anti-Doping Agency. "Reasoned Decision of the United States Anti-Doping Agency on Disqualification and Ineligibility." October 10, 2012, https://www.usada.org/wp-content/uploads/ReasonedDecision.pdf.

Related books

Book

The Game We Think We Saw

What Sports Reveals About Winning, Judgment, and the Stories Results Cannot Settle

Sports gives us some of the clearest outcomes in public life. A score becomes final, a ruling takes effect, and one side advances. But the result cannot fully explain what produced it, why it should count, what it is allowed to justify, who carried its cost, or what the event will eventually mean. The Game We Think We Saw follows those unsettled questions from the scoreboard into the systems, bodies, judgments, and stories surrounding the game.